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Three Roots : ウィキペディア英語版
Three Roots

The Three Roots (Tibetan: ''tsa sum'') of the Tibetan Buddhist tradition are the lama (Sanskrit: ''guru''), yidam (Sanskrit: ''ishtadevata'') and protector, which may be a ''khandroma'' (Sanskrit: ''dakini'') or ''chokyong'' (Sanskrit: ''dharmapala''). The Three Roots are the second of three Tibetan Buddhist refuge formulations, the ''Outer'', ''Inner'' and ''Secret'' forms of the Three Jewels. The 'Outer' form is the 'Triple Gem', (Sanskrit:''triratna''), the 'Inner' is the Three Roots and the 'Secret' form is the 'Three Bodies' or trikaya of a Buddha. These alternative refuge formulations are employed by those undertaking Deity Yoga and other tantric practices within the Tibetan Buddhist Vajrayana tradition as a means of recognizing the universality of Buddha Nature. The Three Roots are commonly mentioned in the Nyingma and Kagyu literature of Tibetan Buddhism. Unlike most aspects of Tibetan Buddhism, which originated in India, the Three Roots may be an original Tibetan formulation from the time of Padmasambhava. The functions of the Three Roots are:
* the Lama is the 'root of blessing' or 'root of grace'.
* the Yidam is the 'root of methods' or 'root of accomplishments'
* the Khandroma or Chokyong is the 'root of protection' or 'root of activity'
In the Yangzab compilation of Dzogchen texts the 'Yangzab Three Roots' is the primary Deity Yoga practice. The Three Roots in this cycle are: Guru Rinpoche (the guru), Hayagriva (the yidam), and Vajravarahi (the dakini). This empowerment is required for the practitioner to study the Yangzab Treasure teaching cycle. The three roots are symbolized in the Gankyil.
==Correspondences==
Dilgo Khyentse, head of the Nyingma school of Tibetan Buddhism until his death in 1991, explained the twilight language correspondences and polyvalent meaning of the ''Outer'', ''Inner'' and ''Secret'' aspects of the Three Jewels:

The outer three jewels are the Buddha, Dharma, and Sangha. The Three jewels have an inner aspect, known as the Three Roots: the Guru (or Teacher), who is the root of blessings; the Yidam, who is the root of accomplishment; and the Dakini, who is the root of enlightened activity. Although the names are different, these three do not in any way differ from the Three Jewels. The Guru is the Budha (HREF="http://www.kotoba.ne.jp/word/11/sic" TITLE="sic">sic'' ), the Yidam is the Dharma, and the Dakinis and Protectors are the Sangha. And on the innermost level, the Dharmakaya is the Buddha, the Sambhogakaya is the Dharma, and the Nirmanakaya is the Sangha.〔Ray, Reginald A. (Ed.)(2004). ''In the Presence of Masters: Wisdom from 30 Contemporary Tibetan Buddhist Teachers''. Boston, Massachusetts, USA: Shambala. ISBN 1-57062-849-1 (pbk.: alk. paper) p.60.〕

The Three Roots formulation also fits into the framework of the Three Vajras of a Buddha where they are seen as equating to the following forms: the protector is the Body, the Yidam is the Speech and the Guru is the Mind. According to the ''Handbook of Tibetan Buddhist Symbols'':

"The trinity of body, speech, and mind are known as the three gates, three receptacles or three vajras, and correspond to the western religious concept of righteous thought (mind), word (speech), and deed (body). The three vajras also correspond to the three kayas, with the aspect of body located at the crown (''nirmanakaya''), the aspect of speech at the throat (''sambhogakaya''), and the aspect of mind at the heart (''dharmakaya'')."〔Beer, Robert (2003). p.186 ''The Handbook of Tibetan Buddhist Symbols''. Serindia Publications. ISBN 1-932476-03-2 Source: () (accessed: December 7, 2007)〕

Pabongkhapa Déchen Nyingpo also identifies the seed syllables corresponding to the Three Vajras as: a white ''om'' (enlightened body), a red ''ah'' (enlightened speech) and a blue ''hum'' (enlightened mind).

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